Tuesday, November 21, 2017

Bitches Brew


I don’t remember whose idiot idea it was to try it.  According to psychologists, that person wouldn’t be culpable.  It would be me who demonstrated to everyone else that this idiot idea was a good one. That’s how compliance forms.      

Robo-tripping.  Getting f’d up on cough syrup.  It’s only a step above huffing.

DXM was limited to buyers in California.  Me, Aram, Ray, Kim, Maggie, Kailyn, Tyler, Lilah and Annie all crammed into Kim’s red station wagon.  We did a drive by of every pharmacy in Santa Cruz to purchase a maximum amount of cough syrup.  Rumor was that there was an ID trace to make sure one could not go into another pharmacy and buy more in a narrow time frame.  This was mostly for limiting meth production and not for doing “Lean,” “Dirty Sprite,” “Sizzurp,” or “‘Tussin.”  The limitation was unlikely but more fun to assume was true.  It was like we were into contraband.  We sure felt clever cheating the system by having several buyers to throw the authorities off our tracks.

After returning to Kim’s dorm, we dumped all the different brands onto the bed.  We were consulting erowid.com for instructions on how to “properly” trip.  The forums said it was a pacing of three tablespoons per hour.  Somehow this was avoiding toxicity and nausea that would induce vomiting. Getting drug advice from a website forum is specious at best.  Yet here I am writing this over a decade after the fact.  Me and my friends are living proof that youth equals invincibility.

This was the semester I was taking Calculus and Physics.  There was work to be done.  I was blowing it off.  This binge lasted for two days straight.  That kind of blithe is tantamount to sitcoms or a bad stoner comedy.

Cough syrup is the closest drug you can get to morphine.  Numbing the entire body as a powerful analgesic.  Take more of it and it comes with a bonus of mild hallucinations.

We got a taste of all of that.

We got out shot glasses for comedic effect.  That’s three tablespoons in one shot glass.  Sizzurp, bitches.  Too bad we didn’t know that then.  We just wanted the novelty of doing shots of cough syrup.  Except if you were Aram.  Then it was shots of cough syrup and a chaser of actual liquor and vicodin.  UCSC students are a case against a single-payer health care system.

(Footage lost)  

We were sitting at a bus stop, waiting to get to late night dining.  Annie and I were sitting on the bench and the rest were aimlessly shuffling nearby.  Annie was fiddling with a pocket knife, trying to break up DIY stitching in her jeans.  Ray noticed that she had cut through the stitching and was digging into her leg.  He panicked and batted the knife out of her hand.  It was too late - the denim was already soaking through with her blood.  A few of us went back to the dorm to bandage and clean her up as best we could, tying a gauze pad around her thigh with some duct tape to keep pressure on it.  The cut was not deep enough to need medical attention.  No signs of subcutaneous fat or deeper dermal layers, or so that internet said.    

We went to the the top of Merrill Hill for late night dining.  The walking should have been taxing for Annie and her bum leg but the analgesia was in full swing.  Once at Merrill’s DC, the group was moving in jerking motions.  People may have noticed but probably just presumed it was standard art student behavior.  Maybe some kind of flash mob or performance art piece.  

Kim picked up a banana, inspected it a little too long before putting it back down in the basket.  She delicately patted as if it were a child’s head.  Maggie got more corn dogs than she could handle, brought them back to the table and ate them provocatively.  The rest furtively watched her.  Maggie was in her own world, clearly doing this for her own amusement.  Maya went back for grapes.  She returned to the table at half the speed of a normal, functioning person.  She still managed to trip over an obstruction in the floor that might not have actually been there.  Luckily she didn’t hit the floor, but threw the fruit everywhere.  Giggle fits erupted from our table.

We skipped the bus and we all made the 20 minute hike back to Kim’s room.  Few words were exchanged.  Aram and Molly turned on the Nintendo GameCube and started playing Legend of Zelda.  Me and a few other started playing Uno.  Kim’s roommate had moved out at the beginning of that semester.  She was left with a double room to herself.  She had pushed the two beds together, making one giant bed.  She sprawled out on to it and let out a satisfied sigh.  The TV hummed and produced electronic blips and beeps as villains and bogies got the edge of Link’s sword.  

I had been phased out all night, my hearing monopolized by a Sony minidisc player on Modest Mouse’s discography.  I didn’t know if the album had always been this good or if it was being chemically enhanced.  Cards were being dealt to me: Blue 4, Red 0, Black 4+, Yellow 1, Red 5.  Like Star Wars.  I look through them and then place them on the floor.  The carpet is like pahoehoe, moving like a slow glacier but swirling slowly like hot fudge being turned on a marble slab.  I expect to put my fingers into the melting fondue, but feel only coarse fibers.  Okay, so it’s not actually molten rock.  

“Hey, guys...” I say, taking one earbud out.  There are a few scattered admissions to me, though none sound all that interested.  “Hey, guys...” I pause again.  Molly looks over at me from the gaming screen.  

“Yes, Jordan?” she says with mirth.

“The floor is moving.  What should I be more worried about - that the floor has been moving or that it doesn’t seem to bother me?”  There is a moment of silence and then snort-laughs bubble from various corners of the room.  Aram smiles, which I never saw him do.  I was almost certain the guy either didn’t like me or was just like that to everyone.  He kept his eyes fixed on the screen.  He had on an ugly brown sweater, evoking the 70s.  But he was also wearing pants of a different shade of brown and sandals.  Who the hell was this guy?  On the other end of the gay spectrum was Ray, who spent way too much student loan money on fashion, wearing a white button up shirt from H&M, Banana Republic dark blue hoodie with grey lining, Diesel jeans and Rainbow flip flops.  Aram was very chaste and introverted.  Ray was more indulgent with a gregariousness to match.  Loud sexuality, loud personality.  He walked up and down the halls of the dorms and would sing opera.  He believed that if you were going to be a great singer, you had to practice all the time however inopportune.  Aram didn’t say much of anything.  This character contrast is completely irrelevant to the story.

“Look, I think we need to drive somewhere.  Away from the lava.  P.S., the floor is moving.”  How cliche.  Everyone has the same hallucinations - all getting cast into the Well of Souls.  ‘Why does it have to be snakes?!’

We run through the halls, giggling, flushed faces.  A few other students come out of the bathroom, see us, quickly look away, well aware - no doubt - of what we’re into.  Kim’s car is parked in the lot.  A permit on campus is damn pricey.  Super rich kids.  Not all of us can fit into the seats, so three of the others opt for the hatch back, laying down.  Somehow, the responsibility of driving is on Tyler.  “Do we even know where we’re going?”  Someone asked.  All I can think of us an artist’s palette of pinks and yellows, blanketing liquid spills of rock.  And arid environments.  Another stark contrast to where we were on the Northern California Coast.  I want them!  “I want to see the big horn,” I say.  “Death Valley.  I think it’s only an 8 hour drive.”  Everyone else kind of just goes along with this impulse.  We have no camping gear, most of us are broke and it’s Wednesday.  We all have a class either tomorrow and/or Friday.  Poor decisions.  Prefrontal cortex you are hereby relieved of duty.  That is if it was even there to begin with.

(Footage Lost)

We stop by a Burger King somewhere in the Valley along I-5.  Everyone else goes inside.  I wait next to the car, watching the detached lights of blacked-out cars pass by on the nearby highway.  I know that everything should be moving at its normal speed.  To me, these lights are dragging across the dark void, rays like a meteor shower.  A punctuated, definitive beginning but a dragging, infinite tail. I’m interrupted by the sound of tin cans hitting the concrete.  I look over at the dumpster and see a coyote hop out, and trot away casually.  Something expired is hanging from its clenched jaw. Everyone comes back out of the glass doors, already devouring things that should have been in the dumpster.  Like problem children that should have been shot in the cradle.  Fast food burgers are made and should already be abandoned in the refuse bin.

I’m hungry but the last thing I want is a whopper or BK Broiler.  I ask Kailyn for one of her cloves. She’s wearing an apron for some reason.  She reaches into a side pocket and pulls out a Djarum, perches it between my lips and courteously lights me up.  I feel that somehow this is better than processed, deep-fried food.     

A car full of stoned college students bound for Death Valley in April.  This is the precipice of hospitable weather there before the temperature skyrockets to the low 100s.  Silhouettes of Joshua trees sprinting by on a backdrop of diamonds on black satin up the 395.  Fast food wrapper tumbleweeds on the floor.  They take bites of their burgers in the middle of our passing around the travel-sized bong or nitrous oxide breaker with flaccid balloons.  I’m wearing my aviators.  It’s pitch black outside.  I may as well be sporting a welding mask.  I take a drag on the clove.  Herb-laced poison.  It crackles as I inhale.  The smoke and heat effluviate my bronchi branches, terminating at the leaves of the alveoli.  Gas exchanging metabolic waste for carbon monoxide and nicotine.  The mixing at the shore and delta of oil and industrial runoff.  Polluting my shores.  My ears ring, head spins and my skin gets bumpy and hair goes erect.  Carcinogens and oxygen deprivation were blissful.  My minidisc is on and I’m shutting out garrulous nonsense around me.  Laid on the floor in the trunk, looking out at the constellations through the hatchback.  We must be near Bakersfield.  Luckily it’s nighttime and we don’t have to witness the armpit of California.        

Prior to Bitches Brew, Miles Davis was the paradigm of cool Jazz.  Music that you could play in your swinging, Manhattan bachelor pad, both hands occupied: one with a martini, the other with your favorite sweet heart and cigarette.  “Kind of Blue,” “Sketches of Spain,” and “Birth of Cool” were his watershed works.  

I fell in love with pre-1970’s Davis along with Cannonball Adderley, Dave Brubeck and John Coltrane when I was a sophomore in high school.  I raided my dad’s CD collection and ripped everything I could onto my computer that was jazz.  The genre has become my Madeline cookie for times when jazz was not even in my life.  I never listened to jazz before high school.  Yet for some reason, “The Girl from Ipanima” effervesces memories of living in Hawaii when I was in the 3rd grade.  Hearing Ella Fitzgerald’s “Route 66” foments homey flashbacks of being on the beach when I was just a toddler.  Now with all the stresses of being an adult, I constantly have KZSC on in my car.  “The Bay Area’s Jazz Station.”  The Jazz Oasis Hour, with the DJs speaking in low, euphonious voices humming just barely over a whisper in your ear.  A playlist of tracks equally as soothing.  

Though in this car, without worry or care, tripping balls off of cough syrup with deficits of intense hypoxia from the nitrous, I am feeling that homey feeling.  Feelings Getz-y, back in the living room apartment I was in in the 4th grade, eating ramen and the setting sun mood-lighting the living room. Sitting in a glass of summer-warm vermouth.  My sisters and I at the coffee table, breaking from Commander Keen and Doom on a summer afternoon.  Dad retired from the Navy, living off his pension, taking up carpentry as an odd job to stay occupied.  My stepmom, Laurie, works at a bank in a management role.  We take excursions to Berkeley to see Shakespeare performed in a grassy area on the campus.  We go rollerblading afterwards down the hills.  Back then, the rolls seemed much steeper.  You walk up them today and they’re barely noticeable.  More nuisance than dangerous inclines because of our inexperience and callow perceptions.  

My moods don’t always dovetail with the kind of music I want to hear.           

Right now, “Bitches Brew” (BB), the quintessential jazz-rock album is playing.  The album that brought the genre to the attention of aficionados.  Arguably the apex of Miles Davis’ career and the genre.  Go back and listen to any of his albums from the 1970s. They are all topnotch quality but don’t create the same moments or teleporting soundscapes that BB does.  Leading into the 80’s with such works as “Man with the Horn” and “Aura,” the rock contributions are too concentrated, eclipsing the jazz.  On BB, both styles are in the perfect ratios.  The songs are as potent as Russian classical but combine bebop, jazz and experimental rock guitar.  The results are psychedelic and trippy. Smeared colors on an impressionist painting.  Van Gogh’s “Starry Night” if it were a few shades darker.  The machinations of heroin dreams.  

This deviation of Mile’s other work is what gave him the nickname “Prince of Darkness.”  His cools days were cool.  On BB and all albums succeeding it, we see his rock star come to life: volatile, brooding genius.  He is pugnacious and focused.  

On BB you are practically in the studio.  Throughout you can hear Davis’ gravely voice in the background, giving instruction to the rest of his team, sometimes snapping his fingers.  This is something raw and juicy, an expose of improvisational mastery.  There is no calculation here other than decades of experience, blood, sweat and tears that this uncanny ensemble coalesces into.  It is what 10,000 hours of mastery, precision and teamwork sounds like.  When recording the album, musicians were only given tempo count, chords and melody.  Everything else was off the cuff and fed off of the chemistry that this team brought together.  

Production work includes some “tape loops, delays, reverb, chambers and echo effects,” said Teo Macero, the direction for other Davis works, Charles Mingus, Thelonious Monk and Dave Brubeck. There was also some editing of shorter parts to create these long compositions.  Even this editing was minimal.  The group was able to create the same awe-inspiring pieces for their live albums for the touring of BB (“Agharta,” “Pangaea”).  

We’re just entering the valley.  In the barren landscape and plains there are tatters of shacks, cinder block dwellings.  No convenience stores, amenities anywhere.  A gas station every 20 miles or so, habitable land hours to the North in Yosemite Valley.  How anyone can live out here is beyond me.  Who would live out here?  Before taking the right on CA-190 to get to Panamint Springs, the gates to Hell.  In the distance near Owens Lake is a farmhouse with a few greenhouses and some struggling farmland.  Dust devils are harassing the structures and crops momentarily before moving in Brownian Motion onto the empty land.

“Pharaoh’s Dance” is the first track.  It is a deviation from Davis right off.  You hear Davis’ signature but there’s noticeable baritone.  This isn’t like Miles you knew from “Birth of Cool” days.  This is dark, atmospheric, brooding.  It’s music for a midnight drive.  Appropriate.  The drum plays at a suffocating, non-stop metronome, ancillary to McLaughlin (guitarist), Davis and Dave Holland (Bassist).  Despite how improvisational it sounds, there are moments where the rest of the band knowingly pulls back to allow Davis to thrive and create cinematic moments.  It’s chorus line hypothesis in action.  All jam-driven but hinting a movie film score thanks to Davis’ proper use of appropriate hook.  He uses it sparingly but each carries a distinct refrain.  To an uncommitted jazz listener, they can go by unnoticed.  

Cymbals carry the flag as a metronome.  The keyboardist dabbles with more upbeat scales.  But when playing alongside Davis, Holland and Shorter (Saxist), it only adds to the claustrophobia.  The interstices of harsh, jarring tones, are appropriately placed and fitting to Davis’ lead.  Right from the start, “Pharaoh” showcases each player’s second-nature flow of when to play rhythm, solo or tone. McLaughlin’s guitar plays like an old, broken saloon piano, jabbing and striking in the air, adding tension.

The valley is the stuff of Frida Kahlo’s twisted imagination: skeletons of trees, scant signs of civilization, abandoned mines and houses and earthy tones.  The basin is laden with salt deposits, zero moisture, boulders, white sand and colossal dunes, a scurry here and there of a skittish, desperate wildlife looking for shelter from the unrelenting sun, cracked and jagged rocks.  It’s beautiful, breathtaking, a geological anomaly.  When described in its components it sounds unappealing.  Look at it as a whole and see the natural awe and all its splendor.  We are at the top of Dante’s View and are marveling at the great expanse.  Telescope Peak in the distance, towering over the rocky sink like a spire or pan-optic.  

It’s hard to fathom that there are endurance races that take place out here twice a year.  The races start at Badwater basin and end at the top of Mt. Whitney.  From the lowest point in the US to the highest point in California.  Extreme runners doing Orpheus’ journey: from the lowest circle of hell to heaven.  You endure 100+ miles, equaling days of running, extreme heat, no sleep, tens of thousand of elevation gains and losses and then one final 14,000 foot ascent.          

We get to Furnace Creek.  Some people take a few towels that were fortunately in the car and roll them out on the picnic tables.  The sky is still dark but won’t be for much longer.  Others stay in the station wagon.  Somehow, 7 of us all managed to cram in the car.  Two in the front seats, 3 in the back and two sprawled out in hatchback trunk.  The seats in the back come down and make for a larger, flat area for people to lay down.  I opt for the park bench.  It’s solid and ungiving to the contours of my body.  I can’t feel it’s rigidity.  Being 19 years old, I’m also a lot more resilient when it comes to sleeping in odd places.  I roll out the Little Mermaid towel, my shades still on, and lay down on table with my shoes under my head.  The stars are clearly scattered over the sky.  As I lay unmoving, I feel sleep come on and the numbing power of my self-medication take me away.  BB still playing.

“Sanctuary” is slower, Davis drawing out each note.  Chuckles and bursts on the piano, fluttering away as Davis croons dolorously.  Drums change tempo creamily, stream of consciousness playing with percussion as Davis moves with a cool head.  Slow but unstoppable.  This second track is transitory and one almost forgets it’s the same 10 minute track.  It’s more open than the “Pharaoh’s”, meandering with purpose.  The bass thumps sparingly with the percussion section, maracas an ongoing buzz.  It’s a wonderfully diverse without getting bombastic, ending with climactic abruptness.  

The sun is my wake up call.  I come to at high noon.  Everyone else is returning from the dead but still moving like the undead.  “I need food,” I say, rolling up the Disney towel.  No one says anything but they all lumber towards the car, rearranging the seats.  Piled in, Tyler turns on the AC and we drive to the Stovepipe Wells Ranger Station.  There is no convenience store.  The valley emulates a prospector era, so there is a “General Store.”  Yet this “General Store” supplies Pringles,Pork Rinds, Ben &’ Jerry’s, soda of all varieties.  I don’t remember this as pioneer sustenance from my elementary school history books.  I opt for the freshest looking food there: a sandwich, apples and a hummus snack pack.  Everyone else goes for ice cream products.  

We all sit out in the clearing outside of the store.  There are bungalows and a swimming pool a couple hundred yards away with visitors passed out in lawn chairs.  Fenced in to keep the indigents out who can’t afford proper housing while visiting this unsympathetic ecosystem.  Road runners congregate in groups of three to five, sometimes scurrying away without any apparent provocation only to return soon after.  Ground level automemesis.  Starlings flutter around from one dead/dying tree to another, collecting pieces of shrub, leaves, small branches.  Occasionally they accost a tourist walking out of the store for a talon-full of their hair.  The tourists swat at them with visitors maps or water bottles as they languidly try running away.  After the altercation, the starlings fly back to their headquarter, mouths gaping, gasping from dehydration.  

“Bitches Brew” is all lower tones, drumming plays a sepulchral consistent beat while the guitar skips and hops.  Added traces of whispers and finger snapping, the keyboard and guitar jarring, twanging only to switch back to the mortar that fills the cracks between the meaty chunks of the other band members.  At 27 minutes, the titular track is a labor of love.  We hear McLaughlin’s versatility by switching off between a myriad of styles.  From catchy hooks to noise to smooth grooves.  Davis makes unforgettable battle hymn riffs.  A truculent, militant death march.  

Drum rolls for the obsequies on “Feio.”  Chirping piano, funky guitar styling.  Rattles spraying from Davis.  Apce with partnering horn section, trading off with caterwauling piano and guitar.  It plays like New York minimalism.  Spotted with otherworld noises, animals calls in the background of unwinding rich tones.

“Spanish Key” is funky, eerie.  Drifting horns over chops of guitar, maracas abound.  The world smears colors, pastels.  Artists’ Palette is all greens, pinks, yellows and faded reds.  Everyone walks through the tightening half pipe.  I am on the umpteenth play count of BB.  The drums pick up and establishes a jogging beat, McLaughlin doing a Hendrix/Sharrock funk and blues.  It goes into one cadence and then retreats, returning with a slightly higher tempo and timing.  The feeling is the same but the minor details change to keep it interesting.  The landscape becomes less smooth and more jagged as we make our climbing route through Artist’s Drive.  

Clarinet comes in and dances whimsically like Prokofiev.  “Spanish Key” is the more lighthearted moment of the album but still has that monster hiding in the closet during playtime: Davis is constantly in the shadows like Dis Pater.
There is a narrow path, trees and an impotent stream on one side, sheer cliff on the other, leading to Darwin Falls.  We’re thinking it’s going to be an oasis paradise.  “Sanctuary” is a crooning, glittery, sparkling piano keys, grooving over a lazy brass.  Water sprinkling down over a precipice, disrupting and displacing the water delicately.  We’re all anticipating, fiending for a skinny dip into the cool, clear water.  We get there and the pool is stagnant, the surface festooned with algae.  This is the valley’s only freshwater source and it looks like a sewage spill.  So much for that idea.

The Mesquite Flats Sand Dune shoots straight up out of nowhere.  A pinnacle on a flat EKG.  Miles’ landscape is an smorgasbord of ideas.  The sherpa is a two-note motif but everyone and everything else is on the swing set, slides, merry-go-round, monkey bars.  Drummer Tony Williams on Latin funk poly rhythms drums, McLaughlin doing psychedelic space rock, Dave Holland playing three-note bass line, Davis’ Horns somberly blowing the top line, and keyboardists Chick Corea and Joe Ziwanul haunting.

We’re walking back to the car from the failed birthday suit swim at Darwin.  The heat is getting to me but the day is nearing the end.  The “lean” must be wearing off.  I wipe perspiration from my forehead.  The back of my shirt is damp and warm.  I look at the time on my cell phone.  6 pm.  We left last night at 9, got here at 5 am, took a siesta on picnic benches at Furnace Creek among the shrubs and barren ground, woke up sometime around noon, went to the general store and had a lunch of Ben and Jerry’s then hiked around for the rest of the day.  If we leave now, we’ll be back in Santa Cruz at 2 am.  Finally the toxic cocktail is wearing off and some prudence is returning.

I have shirked all my homework, missed class all day and will probably sleep through tomorrow’s morning Calculus class.  Robo-tripping causes improvisation.  But sometimes you need to leave improvisation to the masters.     
 

   

Sunday, February 26, 2017

Dualism

I used to think dualism was a B.S. concept.  Now I think it has some validity.  I have no optimism or hope for the future, yet something detached from me burns.  A carrot dangles in front of my face and I crazily leap for it.  It's imagined.  It has no mass.  It encompasses no volume.  It exerts no force in the universe or spills over its vibrating energy into the ambiance.  Yet I keep lunging forward for it, stubborn to every reason and yearning I have to put a round in my brain.  I break and rebuild in the face of every failure and setback.  But it comes from nothing.  That is dualism.  A nothing drives me forward.

Sunday, February 12, 2017

A Psychological Analysis of a Famous Personality

Case Study: Luke Skywalker


The subject is Luke Skywalker.  He was raised by his uncle and aunt.  His biological parents are Anakin Skywalker (later Darth Vader), and Padme Amidala.  After many years of being a moisture farmer, Luke became a fighter pilot in the resistance against the Galactic Empire.  He then went on to become a practitioner of the Jedi Arts.  His best friends are robots C3PO and R2D2, pilots Han Solo and Lando Calrissian, and his sister and Rebel Alliance General, Leia Organa.  His mentors are Jedi Masters Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi.      

Luke’s Big Five Personality Traits
Luke is Open.  He has a fondness for new experiences.  He shows no reservations and but is interested in a great many things.  Whether it be flying to the far reaches of the galaxy at the bequest of a wraith of his reclusive neighbor, or fully-immersing in a stoic religious practice, Luke becomes very familiar with the unknown and uncertainty.  He even dabbles in the darker arts of his religion in order to gain a more well-rounded understanding of it.  Though his openness drops slightly for being a more conventional personality with nere many creative outlets or expression of culturalism.  This does not necessarily mean he is uncultured, rather we have no proof otherwise.  

At first, Luke is neurotic.  This is indicated with his propensity to argue with his uncle on the farm and agitation with Yoda and egotistical friend, Han Solo.  Later, his neuroticism drops, as he is inexplicably able to handle stressful situations such as being able to go toe-to-toe with the empire in all forms of battle while outnumbered.  The call to arms we see from him later is when his friends or family are in danger or threats are made against them.  Even after his aunt, uncle and mentor, Obi-Wan, are killed, he does not blame himself, being pragmatic in his actions to avenge their deaths.  His other bout with neuroticism is in the cave on Dagobah, but this is necessary for his personal development (more on this later).     

Luke also ranks high on conscientiousness.  He does a thorough job, such as completing his Jedi training even when Yoda says he is told to do so.  He even completes this training in far less time than it takes many other Jedi.  His Jedi powers also makes him efficient at what he does, assuming he has no qualms with using them.  Though he loses a few points on this scale for hatching a very convoluted plan to rescue his friend, Han Solo, from notorious gangster, Jabba the Hutt.  Otherwise, he is dependable in all situations, as he has clairvoyance and telepathy, making him handy as a friend, fighter and strategist.  His dedication to his stoic religion and the rebellion gives him an especially big boost in conscientiousness.  He is the last Jedi, thus is duty-bound to honor the sacred, dying practice and simultaneously fight against injustice.   

At first, Luke is moderately extroverted, as one has to be in order to take on a leadership role in the rebellion and can work in a team.  Yet when he becomes a more seasoned Jedi, he becomes equally reticent though not necessarily melancholy.  He puts aside his self-doubts and becomes more pragmatic and secure with himself, flowing with the world around him.  He ultimately ranks low on extroversion for retreating to a remote, uninhabited part of the Galaxy for meditation and self-reflection.  This is after one of his students (spoiler) turns against Luke and murders the rest of Luke’s pupils.     

Being a Jedi and having compassion for all walks of life and putting others needs ahead of his own gives him strength in the area of agreeableness.  He gets an especially big boost for forgiving (Potter, 2000) his father being a genocidal Dark Lord.  After all the anguish that Darth Vader causes Luke and the rest of the galaxy, Luke spares him.    

Freud on Luke Skywalker
Luke is a unique case.  His stoic lifestyle and allegiance to religion and political cause would lead Freud to think that he is sublimating and is denying any gratification to the Id.  But this would be inaccurate.

As we witness in the Empire Strikes Back, psychoanalysis plays a vital role in evaluating Luke while he is on Dagobah training with Yoda.  Up to this point, we know nothing about what kind of internal demons Luke faces.  It mostly stems from the vengeance that he seeks for Vader murdering his father and the Empire his surrogate parents.  Luke is duty-bound to avenging both and it consumes him.  He was robbed of knowing his parents, meaning he has an unfulfilled attachment process, lacking all phases of development, having been raised on the farm with his aunt and uncle.  He had no formal schooling that we know of and the only women close to him are his aunt and sister.  His early forms of sexual frustration are displaced in his shooting of “womprats” on the family property and later his desire to destroy enemies in combat.  

His manhood is an identity foreclosure: he goes straight from a boy to man in order to help his family on the farm.  From the farm he skips the Academy and goes right into the rebellion and then his Jedi training, which is solitary.  It is also quite apparent that his incomplete or even missing phallic stage of development had the most profound impact on him.  This is why he develops a fixation on his lightsaber, a hyperbolic phallus.  And the way for him to reach a reconciliation of his absent father is to go saber-to-saber with him.  It is quite clear that his absence of a male role model makes Luke want to destroy his father with the metaphorical extension that he was denied at an early age.         

Luke also suffers from an Oedipus Complex.  Before he comes to accept this, he is also an example of the defense mechanisms of repression, denial, reaction formation and sublimation.  

The repression is in the form of his innate knowledge of his familial ties to Vader and Leia.  They are known to his unconscious but he has subdued them so that it is easier to find a mate with the only woman he has ever known other than his aunt.  Repressing that notion that Vader is his father makes it easier for Luke to kill Vader.  There are no family ties for him to satisfy his Id’s hunger for vengeance just as it is easier to deny that Leia is his sister so that he may form a romance with her.

Denial is here since at first Luke refuses to believe that Vader is his father.  It only becomes easier for him to accept Leia as his sister because it is only after he makes a commitment to the practice of The Force.  Another identity foreclosure.  Admitting Leia is his sister is a also defense mechanism, knowing that if he fails to confront Vader, Leia will have the ability to do so.  Denial that she is his sister and he has romantic feelings for her are voided.  

Finally, sublimation and reaction formation is at play in Luke’s psyche; he knows that killing his father and sleeping with his sister are socially unacceptable forms of behavior.  He becomes a Jedi, who are known for chastity and austerity.  Because he also knows that he has elements of his father (Vader) in him, he goes the complete opposite direction as a Jedi rather than a Sith like his father.  This is so Luke can deny the darker side of himself.  It isn’t until Luke practices some of the Sith teachings and spares Vader that he has a catharsis and is able to completely eradicate his Id or darker unconscious.  Luke does reconcile the attraction to his sister and urges to kill his father.  Thus he has his catharsis in sparing his father.  This is what completes his personality and Jedi training.  From then on, Luke is a Jedi Master.  


In essence, Luke becomes the ubermensch, transcended of all personal interest and concerned with that of others’ needs only.  His Id no longer controls his surface behavior, actions or personality.  This is better than having a balancing act between all three aspects of personality.  It is merely Luke’s Ego and some Superego for the sake of selflessness and pragmatism.  It is in Freud’s opinion that sublimation is the morally superior defense mechanism, as one is “willing to risk all for the sake of enhancement of humanity,” just as the ubermensch (Magnus and Higgins, 1990).  This is what makes Luke different but superior.  

The Social-Cognitive Theorists on Luke Skywalker
Luke’s environment dictates what kind of person he becomes.  He lives in a barren wasteland as a moisture farmer, living with his aunt and uncle.  Most of his friends have gone off to the Starfleet Academy, putting him in a state of arrested development.  He yearns to get off of the farm and join his peers.  His stubborn nature, openness and higher aspirations makes him want to join something bigger than himself, even if it costs him his life.  

Tangential to this is luke’s situation: his perception of his environment (Glanz et al., 2002).  He sees no opportunity or future in his current occupation as a farmer.  He also finds out that his father was a Jedi Master and that few of them remain in the galaxy.  To carry on his father’s legacy and that of the Jedi, he perceives this as an opportunity carry on the legacy of his father.  The Empire is also an oppressive entity on his planet that he hates and substantially more so when they murder his family.  Once all restraints in his environment are gone, he makes the conscious decision to become a pilot in the rebellion.  He also goes on to fulfill the expectations he predicts his father would have had of Luke becoming a Jedi.  

Tied to environment and Luke’s behavioral capability is his knowledge and skills to perform a given behavior (Glanz, 2002).  He has been a self-taught pilot for most of his life and has a strong command of The Force.  This makes him an asset to the rebellion.  That he is one of the last remaining individuals with the Force gives urgency to not letting this tradition die with him.   

Luke’s expectations (Maddux, 1982) to the outcome (or “outcome expectancies”) of his behavior have bearings on his decisions.  Becoming a Jedi is a risky endeavor, as the Empire has all the Jedi marked for death.  The Rebellion is also an oppositional force to a greater, mightier and more resourced Empire.  Both decisions for Luke are value-based.  The outcomes and incentives are little to none.  This makes Luke less practical and more idealistic and honor-bound.  The means are more significant to him than the chances of success for the outcomes.  However, Luke always aspired to something greater than living on the family farm as a farmer.  Once he finds out that he holds the power of the force and that there are expectations for him, he seizes the opportunity because it is his nature to do so and were his lifelong aspirations to begin with.  He never wanted an idyllic life - he wanted challenge and adventure.  That his father was a fighter and Jedi makes Luke evermore invigorated to take on these responsibilities.    

What sets Luke apart from others is his self-control (Social Cognitive Theory), his personal regulation of goal-directed behavior or performance.  He self-monitors, sets goals and is a problem-solver.  Though he is distinct in that he has no self-reward mechanism.  Again, this is because of his sense of duty and honor but also because he fully adopts the Jedi mind set: altruism and selflessness.   

Observational learning applies to Luke’s behavior.  He sees the atrocities of the Empire firsthand.  This is his negative reinforcement to fight against it.  This is limited, however, as there is only a few select people in his life who decide to join the Rebellion.  More pertinent than this is Luke’s father’s legacy as pilot and warrior that he must live up to.  Luke has a preconceived notion of what kind of man his father was and aspires to become that ideal.  Since there is a lack of role models for Luke to turn to in terms of his Jedi training, the legend of the Jedi and witnessed powers of The Force are all influential in his conversion.  Yoda, Obi-Wan and Vader’s wielding of the Force is what motivates Luke: seeing what kind of potential The Force has inspires Luke’s faith and practice.   

The reinforcements in place for Luke are many.  The first is a negative reinforcement in that of the atrocities of the Empire.  To prevent further human rights violations against humanity, Luke must fight against the Empire’s tyranny.  The positive reinforcement is that of his completion of Jedi training.  The final obstacle is confronting his father, Lord Vader.  Yet he must also find a way to do this and not give into the Dark Side to do so.  His obligation is also to his friends and family.  He does whatever he must in order to protect them at Cloud City when they are ambushed.  His incompletion of training and knowing fully well that this is a trap set by Lord Vader indicates a high level of commitment but momentary low self-control.  It is explained by the loss of his aunt and uncle and his friends on the Battle of Yavin (A New Hope).  Again, negative reinforcement.  He acts even with minimal planning and preparation so that he prevents the loss of more of close connections.    

Initially, Luke has no sense of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1995).   He is doubtful of his abilities in The Force as we see on Dagobah.  He is also apprehensive about joining the rebellion, making excuses for why he cannot take the risk.  After the loss of his family and persistence with training (another example of his self-control), he makes behavioral changes in small steps.  This leads him reaching full potential as a Jedi Master and leader against tyranny.  

As the Big Five interpretation points out, Luke is very high in coping strategies (low neuroticism). We see his progression from being impatient and petulant to developing strong equanimity.  His later developed strategies and tactics allow him to deal with many emotional pitfalls as well as battle. Even knowing that Vader is far more powerful than he is, he attempts in more than one occasion to defeat him in close combat.

He progressively becomes more harmonious with his reciprocal determinism, affected by but caring about both his internal and external struggles.  Yet he regulates the emotional responses to these struggles.  He has multiple upbringings and influences on this: he is a seasoned soldier and a survivor to trauma and war.  But, he is spiritually centered, making him more emotionally and mentally prepared than others.  

Carl Jung on Luke Skywalker
As mentioned with Bo’s Case Study, an extrovert has an outward flow of libido and is interested in events, people and things, having a symbiosis with them. They are motivated by the external world.  Objects have an affect on them.  Introverts, however, have an internalized libido and do not concentrate so much on the subjective world around them.  The object does not control them, rather they control how they perceive objects (Smith, 2013). They are happy to be alone and prefer introspection.    

Luke, as a Jedi, is an extrovert despite seeming contradictions to this.  Even though Luke is comfortable with himself in solitude, he is also a leader.  He also gets his energy from controlling life energy around him and letting it simultaneously control him.  In other words, others’ energy is his energy. This allows him to manipulate his environment and the people and objects within it.  Even if he were to die, his spirit’s power and presence is only relevant in a material world.  These concepts of Luke’s spirituality and personality are also indicative of a high tuning to the collective conscious and unconscious.  This harmony indicates a higher connection to the world around him, making him more extrovert.      

Finally, the Jedi way gravitates towards the common good and being inspired by others.  Jedi are selfless.  Their passions and power come from being connected to all living things.  The Sith, on the other hand, have internal passion and are motivated by the cultivation of higher abilities, independent of others (Taylor, 2014).  This ultimately makes Luke an extrovert, albeit a more reticent one.  This reticence is attributed to Luke’s “Shadow.”

The Shadow concept refers to the unconscious psychology that our conscious self denies the  existence of.  Jung says that the less of a shadow one projects externally, the darker it is internally (Jung, 1938).  This is where Freud’s psychoanalysis of Luke has legitimacy.  Luke’s prerogative is to be a Jedi, not a Sith Lord.  Yet we know from his premonition in the cave on Dagobah that there is darkness, fear and anger in Luke just like his father, Anakin Skywalker.  This same darkness is what lead Anakin to become the evil Lord Vader.  

At first, the denial of this dark self is a struggle.  Resistance to it leads to its persistence.  This is why acknowledging Vader as his father is paramount to Luke’s training.  Without it, there is no ability to confront this Shadow, leading it to grow stronger (Johnson, 1989).  As we hear from Emperor Palpatine when Luke is taken aboard Death Star II, the Emperor “feels (Luke’s) anger” and “the dark side,” just as the Emperor had in Anakin a.k.a. Darth Vader.  Confronting this Shadow leads Luke to a balance in himself and the Force.  The similarities between Luke and Darth Vader are another indicator that Luke is highly-attuned to the the collective unconscious, the experiences and structures of the mind shared among all people (Corbett, 2012).

Luke’s alter ego is manifested in two ways, as he carries both his dark side and his light side.  It is not just expressed in his premonition but also with what two figures he holds close: Yoda and Obi-Wan.  But these connections are motivated by the drive to avenge his father’s death by killing Darth Vader.  This becomes a metaphor for how both the light and the dark are drivers and the dark side has a tendency to be stronger.  As mentioned before, Luke needs to embrace the dark side’s teachings in order to be powerful enough to defeat his father, Vader.  Hence, he claims that “he’ll never turn to the dark side... I am a Jedi.”  This is when his training is complete, giving Luke a “body” (Fordham, 1985).  This is an embrace of the lighter side and the dark side.  Luke values mercy and compassion over the shadow’s compulsion for vengeance and aggression.  The darkness does not consume him yet he embraces it to complete himself.        

Citations
Bandura, A. (Ed.) (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Boundless. “Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Model of Personality and the Person-Situation Debate.” Boundless Psychology Boundless, 26 May, 2016. Retrieved 12 Feb. 2017 from: https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/personality-16/social-cognitive-perspectives-on-personality-81/mischel-s-cognitive-affective-model-of-personality-and-the-person-situation-debate-315-12850/

Corbett, Lionel (2012). Psyche and the Sacred: Spirituality beyond Religion. Spring Journal Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-882670-34-5.

Dong, W., Lepri, B., Pianesi, F., & Pentland, A. (2013). Modeling Functional Roles Dynamics in Small Group Interactions. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,15(1), 83-95. doi:10.1109/tmm.2012.2225039

Fordham, M. (1985). Explorations into the self. London: Published for Society of Analytical Psychology, London by Academic.

Freud, S. (1912). The Case of Schreber Papers on Technique and Other Works (Vol. 12, p. 102) (J. Strachey, Trans.). London, UK: Hogarth Press.

Freud, S. 'Civilisation and Its Discontents' (1930) in The Standard Edition Of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud – The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and its Discontents, and Other Works, trans. by James Strachey (Hogarth Press; London, 1961), vol. XXI, 79–80

Gade, C. (2017, February 04). Topic 10.2 Social-Cognitive and Trait Approaches. Lecture presented at UC Berkeley Extension.

Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K. & Lewis, F.M. (2002). Health Behavior and Health Education. Theory, Research and Practice. San Fransisco: Wiley & Sons.

Johnson, Robert A., Inner Work : Using Dreams and Creative Imagination for Personal Growth and Integration, 241 pages, Harper San Francisco, 1989,
ISBN 0-06-250431-2

Jung's Theory of Temperaments. (n.d.). Retrieved February 09, 2017, from http://philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/jung.html

Jung, C.G. (1938). "Psychology and Religion." In CW 11: Psychology and Religion: West and East. p. 131

Maddux, J.E., Sherer, M. & Rogers, R.W. Cogn Ther Res (1982) 6: 207. doi:10.1007/BF01183893

Magnus, B., & Higgins, K. M. (1996). The Cambridge companion to Nietzsche. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Malcolm, Janet. Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession (London 1988) p. 135-6

Mccrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebícková, M., Avia, M. D., . . . Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78(1), 173-186. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.173

P. (2004). The Apology - Plato. Nuvision Publications.

Potter, J., & Oliver, J. P., Ph.D. (2000). The Big Five Project Personality Test [Scholarly project]. In Personality Tests. Retrieved February 9, 2017, from http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/

Vaillant, G. (2000). Adaptive mental mechanisms - their role in a positive psychology. American Psychologist, in press.  

Scarfone, D., Laplanche, J., Bonnigal-Katz, D., Pontalis, J., Scarfone, D., & Laplanche, J. (2015). Laplanche: an introduction. New York: Unconscious in Translation.

Smith, P. (2013, June 13). Carl Gustav Jung: Personality Structure & Types. Lecture presented at History of Psychology in Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand. Retrieved February 9, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAhPS2z-2NA

Social Cognitive Theory. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2017, from https://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Health%20Communication/Social_cognitive_theory/

Taylor, C. (Writer). (2014, March 17). Voices [Television series episode]. In Star Wars: The Clone Wars. Netflix.

Wilde, D. J. (2011). Jung's personality theory quantified. London: Springer.